“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”.yah blog bsc first year(NEP-2o )ke major paper i ki unit 4 ke acid base concept ke baare me hain.isse pahle ke blog ko pdhane ke liye niche click here par click kare.

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“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

Svante Arrhenius, ek chemist jo Sweden se tha, ne 1884 mein acids aur bases ke Arrhenius concept ko suggest kiya tha. Is theory ke anusaar, jab acid ko paani ke saath milaya jaata hai toh hydrogen ions (H+) bante hain, jabki jab base ko paani ke saath milaya jaata hai toh hydroxide ions (OH-) bante hain.

Arrhenius ne bhi kaha ki ek acid ya base ka taakat uske paani mein kitna dissociate hua hai us par nirbhar karta hai. Taakatwar acids aur bases poore tarah se paani mein dissolve ho jaate hain, jabki kamzor acids aur bases keval kuch hisso mein dissolve hote hain.

Arrhenius concept keval aise halat mein lagoo hota hai jahan paani ki upasthiti dissociation ke liye avashyak hai. Iske alawa, ye substances ko samajhne mein asafal hai jo paani mein hydrogen ya hydroxide ions nahi banate hain, jaise ki ammonia (NH3) aur carbon dioxide (CO2).Iske alava, Arrhenius concept ne Brønsted-Lowry aur Lewis theories jaise anya acid-base theories ke vikaas ke liye adhar sthapit kiya hai.

@example

Acids ke kuchh udaharan hai:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) paani mein dissolve hokar hydrogen ions (H+) aur chloride ions (Cl-) paida karta hai.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) paani mein dissolve hokar hydrogen ions (H+) aur sulfate ions (SO4 2-) paida karta hai.
Nitric acid (HNO3) paani mein dissolve hokar hydrogen ions (H+) aur nitrate ions (NO3-) paida karta hai.
Bases ke kuchh udaharan hai:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) paani mein dissolve hokar hydroxide ions (OH-) aur sodium ions (Na+) paida karta hai.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) paani mein dissolve hokar hydroxide ions (OH-) aur potassium ions (K+) paida karta hai.Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paani mein dissolve hokar hydroxide ions (OH-) aur calcium ions (Ca2+) paida karta hai.Yaad rakhein, Arrhenius concept keval un substances par lagoo hota hai jo paani mein dissolve hote hain aur hydrogen ya hydroxide ions banate hain.

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

@Bronsted-Lowery Concept

Brønsted-Lowry ke acid aur base kee siddhaant ko do khaadyaanik, Johannes Brønsted aur Thomas Lowry ne 1923 mein alag-alag tareeke se prastaavit kiyaa thaa. Iss siddhaant ke anusaar, ek acid vah padhaarth hai jo doosare padhaarth ko ek proton (H+) deta hai, jabki ek base ek proton grahan karata hai.

Iss siddhaant ke anusaar, jab ek acid aur base react karte hain, tab acid base ko ek proton deta hai, jise conjugate base aur conjugate acid banaata hai. Conjugate acid vah tatv hota hai jo base ek proton grahan karane ke baad bachee hoti hai, jabaki conjugate base vah tatv hota hai jo acid ek proton dene ke baad bachee hoti hai.

Brønsted-Lowry ke siddhaant mein acid ya base ki taakat usaki kshamata se niyantrit hai, jo proton dene ya grahan karane mein saksham hoti hai. Majaboot acids vah hote hain jo aasani se proton dete hain, jabki majaboot bases vah hote hain jo aasani se proton grahan karate hain.

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

Iss siddhaant kee vyapakata Arrhenius siddhaant se adhik hai, kyonki yah gas-phase pratikriyaon ke saath-saath an-aqueous laharon mein sthit padarthon par bhee lagoo kiya ja sakata hai. Yeh bhee vichaar mein aata hai ki vah padarth jo jal mein hydrogen ya hydroxide ions na utpann kare, jaise ammonia (NH3) aur carbon dioxide (CO2), us par bhee prayog kiya jaa sakata hai.

Brønsted-Lowry kee siddhaant khadyaanik mein vyapak roop se prayog kiya jaata hai aur isaka upayog amlon aur bases ke anya siddhaanton kee bhoomika banaata hai, jaise Lewis ke siddhaant.

Acid ke udaharan:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) paanee mein hydrogen ions (H+) aur chloride ions (Cl-) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) paanee mein hydrogen ions (H+) aur sulfate ions (SO4 2-) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.
Nitric acid (HNO3) paanee mein hydrogen ions (H+) aur nitrate ions (NO3-) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.

Base ke udaharan:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) paanee mein hydroxide ions (OH-) aur sodium ions (Na+) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) paanee mein hydroxide ions (OH-) aur potassium ions (K+) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paanee mein hydroxide ions (OH-) aur calcium ions (Ca2+) utpann karane ke lie vibhajit hota hai.

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

Acids aur bases ke Brønsted-Lowry concept mein, jab koi acid ek base ko ek proton (H+) deta hai, toh usse conjugate base kehte hain. Isi tarah, jab koi base ek proton accept karta hai, toh usse conjugate acid kehte hain.

Jaise, hydrochloric acid (HCl) aur water (H2O) ke beech ki reaction mein, HCl water ko ek proton deta hai, jisse hydronium ion (H3O+) aur chloride ion (Cl-) bante hain.

Iss reaction mein, HCl acid hai aur water base hai. HCl ka conjugate base chloride ion (Cl-) hai, aur water ka conjugate acid hydronium ion (H3O+) hai.

Issi tarah, ammonia (NH3) aur hydrochloric acid (HCl) ke beech ki reaction mein, NH3 HCl se ek proton accept karta hai, jisse ammonium ion (NH4+) aur chloride ion (Cl-) bante hain.

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

Iss reaction mein, NH3 base hai aur HCl acid hai. NH3 ka conjugate acid ammonium ion (NH4+) hai, aur HCl ka conjugate base chloride ion (Cl-) hai.

Yeh important hai ki ek species ek reaction mein acid ke roop mein kaam kar sakta hai, aur doosri reaction mein base ke roop mein kaam kar sakta hai.

Jaise, hydronium ion (H3O+) water ke reaction mein water base ke roop mein kaam karta hai aur HCl se ek proton accept karta hai, lekin yeh H2O ka conjugate base bhi hai.

Acid-base reactions mein conjugate acid-base pairs ko samajhna mahatvapurna hai, kyunki ek acid ya base ki taakat uske conjugate base ya acid ki taakat se judi hoti hai.

Strong acids ke weak conjugate bases hote hain, jabki strong bases ke weak conjugate acids hote hain. Iss liye, strong acid aasani se apna proton donate karta hai, aur uska conjugate base us proton ke bina stable rehta hai.iss tarah, strong base aasani se proton accept karta hai, aur uska conjugate acid us proton ke saath stable rehta hai.

“Acid-Base Fundamentals: A Beginner’s Guide”

Conjugate acid  Bases

Conjugate acids aur bases wah do substances ke pairs hote hai jo ek proton (H+) se alag hote hai. Dusre shabdon mein, jab ek base ek proton ko svikar karti hai to ek conjugate acid banata hai, jabki jab ek acid ek proton ko dan karta hai to ek conjugate base banta hai.

Jaise ki, pratikriya H2O + NH3 → NH4+ + OH-, me pani (H2O) ammonia (NH3) ko ek proton dan karke ek acid ki tarah kaam karti hai, jabki ammonia ek base ki tarah kaam karti hai. Isse ammonia ka conjugate acid NH4+ aur pani ka conjugate base OH- banata hai.

Isi tarah, pratikriya HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-, me hydrochloric acid (HCl) pani (H2O) ko ek proton dan karke ek acid ki tarah kaam karta hai, jabki pani ek base ki tarah kaam karti hai. Isse pani ka conjugate acid H3O+ aur hydrochloric acid ka conjugate base Cl- banata hai.

Conjugate acid-base pairs acid-base pratikriyao me mahatvapurn hai, kyonki ye proton ka transfer aur naye acids aur bases ke nirman ke liye anumati dete hai. Conjugate acid-base pairs ko samajhna rasayanik pratikriyao me acids aur bases ke vyavahar ko samajhne ke liye avashyak hai.

Udaharan

Ek conjugate acid-base pair ka ek udaharan ammonia (NH3) aur ammonium (NH4+) ions hai.

Is pair me, ammonia ek base ki tarah kaam karte huye ek proton (H+) ko svikar karke ammonium ion, NH4+ banata hai. Isliye NH4+ NH3 ka conjugate acid hai.

Isi tarah, reverse me, ammonium ion NH4+ ammonia NH3 ko banane ke liye ek proton dan kar sakta hai. Isliye NH3 NH4+ ka conjugate base hai.

In dono species ke beech ka samyavastha is prakar hai:

NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4+

Yah ek acid-base pratikriya ka ek udaharan hai, jahan NH3 ek base aur H+ ek acid ki tarah kaam karta hai. Conjugate acid-base pair proton ka transfer karne ki anumati deta hai, aur samyavastha uttar ya poorv disha me sthit reactants aur products ke sanbandhi avyavasthit abhikriya ke aadhar par badal sakta hai.

Dusara udaharan

Ek conjugate acid-base pair ka dusara udaharan water (H2O) aur hydronium (H3O+) ions hai.

Is pair me, water ek base ki tarah kaam karte huye ek proton (H+) ko svikar karke hydronium ion, H3O+ banata hai. Isliye H3O+ H2O ka conjugate acid hai.

Isi tarah, reverse me, hydronium ion H3O+ ek proton dan karke water H2O ko banane ke liye kaam kar sakta hai. Isliye H2O H3O+ ka conjugate base hai.

@lewis concept

Lewis ka acid aur base concept bahut wide aur comprehensive hai. Isko Gilbert N. Lewis naam ke American chemist ne banaya tha aur yeh Arrhenius aur Bronsted-Lowry ke traditional theories se bahut aage hai.

Lewis theory ke anusaar, koi bhi cheez jo electron pair accept kar sake (jise hum Lewis base kehte hai), woh acid hai. Aur koi bhi cheez jo electron pair donate kar sake (jise hum Lewis acid kehte hai), woh base hai.

Is definition se bahut saare chemical reactions ko acid-base reactions ke roop mein consider kiya jaa sakta hai, jisme proton (H+ ions) ka transfer nahi hota hai. For example, jab boron trifluoride (BF3) aur ammonia (NH3) react karte hai, to BF3 Lewis acid ke roop mein kaam karta hai aur NH3 Lewis base ke roop mein kaam karta hai.

Lewis theory ka practical application bahut saare areas mein hota hai, jaise ki organic synthesis, catalysis aur coordination chemistry. Isse acid-base reactions ki bahut saari reactions ko samajhna aasaan ho jaata hai.

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